What Are The Madd Rules Tajweed: Full Tajweed Guide

The Holy Quran, revealed to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) by Allah SWT, is a perfect guide for humankind, offering comprehensive legislation for a fulfilling life. 

Proper recitation relies on adhering to Tajweed rules, which include understanding the madd rules Tajweed (vowel extension). There is much more to Madd than its literal meaning.

If you are curious about the different madd rules tajweed types—such as Ya Madd, Normal Madd, Madd Far’ee, or Madd Laazim—this post provides a detailed discussion in this article. 

What Is Madd In the Quran?

In the Quran, Madd refers to the prolongation of a vowel sound. In Arabic, “madda” means to stretch or extend the pronunciation of a letter. Examples include:

• غفور (Ghafoor): One of Allah’s names meaning “Forgiving,” where the waaw indicates Madd.
• السماء (As-Samaa): Meaning “the sky,” where the alif indicates Madd.
• رحيم (Raheem): Another name of Allah meaning “Merciful,” where the yaa indicates Madd.

As narrated by Qatadah, “I asked Anas: ‘How did the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) recite the Quran?’ He replied: ‘The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) used to elongate the sounds.’” 

[Sunan An-Nasa’i]

Madd Rules Tajweed

Now, let’s talk about the Madd rules Tajweed in details:

Letters Of Madd

There are three letters of Madd in Tajweed: 

alif (ا), waaw (و), and yaa (ي). These are grouped in the Arabic word نُوحِيهَا. 

For Madd to apply, the letter of Madd must be silent without a vowel, and the preceding letter must have a corresponding vowel:

• If the Madd letter is alif (ا), the preceding letter must have a fatha.
• If the Madd letter is waaw (و), the preceding letter must have a dhammah.
• If the Madd letter is yaa (ي), the preceding letter must have a kasrah.

The letter of Madd should not have a vowel itself, nor should it be preceded by a hamzah. 

If the conditions are not met, Madd is not applicable. For instance, in the word يومكم (your day), the yaa has a fatha and the following waaw is not a Madd letter, so Madd is not applied.

Furthermore, if the Madd letter has a sukoon, such as in أولئك (they are), where the alif is followed by waaw with a sukoon, Madd does not apply. 

Here, the letter yaa has a fatha followed by an alif with no vowel, so it is not considered a Madd letter.

Madd Types

1- Natural Madd (Madd Asli/Tabi’y):  

Natural Madd, also known as Madd Asli, is a fundamental component of certain letters and does not rely on the presence of Hamza (ء) or sukoon (ْ). 

For example, in the word “سَاجِد” the alif cannot exist without the natural Madd, while its absence in “سَجَدَ” completely changes the word’s structure and meaning. 

This Madd is naturally extended for only two beats or harakahs.

Examples of Madd Asli:

(هَلْ أَتَاكَ حَدِيثُ مُوسَىٰ)

(ورأيتَ الناس يدخلون في دين الله أفواجا)

Additional Notes:

1. Madd Asli is also present in the letters of the mnemonic “حي طاهر” at the beginning of certain surahs, such as:

(حم (1) وَالْكِتَابِ الْمُبِينِ (2

(طسم (1) تلك آيات الكتاب المبين (2   

In these verses, the Madd in the letters (حـ- طـ) is considered Natural Madd and is extended for two counts.

2. One subtype of Madd Asli is “The Lesser Connecting Madd,” which occurs with the masculine third-person singular pronoun (هاء). 

This type is found when the pronoun, bearing a Dummah or Kasrah, is not followed by Hamza or Sukoon in the case of pausing. Examples include:

(حكماً من أهلهِ وحكما من أهلها)

(فاعلم أنه لا إله إلا الله)

(كمن زيّن لهُ سوء عمله)

3. Another subtype is the “Substitute Madd,” which occurs when a word ending with an alif and tanween is paused upon. 

In this case, the alif is stretched for two counts, as seen in the following examples:

 (هُدًى)

)سُوًى (

)أَحَدًا (

Recap:

– Natural Madd is integral to the letter and not dependent on Hamza or sukoon.

– It is extended for two beats and is found in various contexts, including certain letters at the start of surahs and specific types like the Lesser Connecting Madd and Substitute Madd.

2- Secondary Madd (Madd Far’ee):  

Madd Far’ee, or Secondary Madd, involves the elongation of vowels, dependent on the presence of Hamza or sukoon. This Madd is divided into two main groups: Madd Far’ee due to Hamza and Madd Far’ee due to Sukoon.

Madd Far’ee due to Hamza:

1. Attached Madd (Madd Muttasil):  

This Madd occurs when a Madd letter is followed by Hamza within the same word, requiring an elongation of 4 (according to Al Imam Ash- Shatiby). 

Examples include:

(وقالوا لو شاء الرحمن ما عبدناهم)

(فبأي آلاء ربكما تكذبان)

2. Separate Madd (Madd Monfasil):  

Similar to Madd Muttasil, but the Madd letter and Hamza are in separate words. This allows for the vowel to be shortened to 2 counts or extended to 4 (according to Al Imam Ash- Shatiby). 

Examples include:

(إنا أعطيناك الكوثر)

(واعلموا أن فيكم رسول الله)

(فآمنت طائفة من بني إسرائيل وكفرت طائفة)

3. Exchange Madd (Madd Badal):  

Unlike the previous types, Exchange Madd occurs when Hamza precedes the Madd letter, and it is elongated for 2 counts. Examples include:

(وأنهار من ماء غير ءاسن)

(وإن الذين أُورثوا الكتاب)

(وإيتاء الزكاة)

Summary:

– Madd Far’ee requires the presence of Hamza or sukoon after the Madd letter.

– If Hamza follows within the same word, it is Attached Madd; if in separate words, it is Separate Madd.

– Other types include Exchange Madd, where Hamza precedes the Madd letter, and Greater Connecting Madd, involving a pronoun followed by Hamza.

Madd Far’ee due to Sukoon:

1. Madd ‘Arid lil-sukoon:  

This occurs when a Madd letter is followed by a letter with any harakah that turns into a sukoon due to pausing. It can be lengthened for 2, 4, or 6 counts, depending on whether the reader stops on it. Examples include:

(الرحمــن الرحيم)

(إن في ذلك لآيات لقوم يؤمنون)

2. Madd Lazim (Compulsory Madd):  

Madd Lazim occurs when the sukoon following the Madd letter is an original part of the word, as opposed to Madd ‘Arid lil-Sukoon, where sukoon occurs only in case of pausing.

Types of Madd Lazim:

1. Kalimi Muthaqqal (Heavy):  

This type occurs within a word when a Madd letter is followed by a saakin letter with shaddah. It is extended for 6 counts. 

Example:

(قال أتحاجوني في الله وقد هدانِ)

2. Kalimi Mukhaffaf (Light):  

Occurs when a Madd letter is followed by a saakin letter without shaddah. Example:

(أثم إذا ما وقع آمنتم به آلآن وقد كنتم به تستعجلون)

3. Harfi Muthaqqal:  

Found in letters at the beginning of certain surahs, where the last letter is originally saakin and merged into the following letter, stretched for 6 counts. Example:

(الم)

4. Harfi Mukhaffaf:  

Similar to Harfi Muthaqqal, the last letter is not merged into the following letter. 

Examples include:

(الر)

(ق)

(يس)

Summary:

– Madd Far’ee due to Sukoon can occur either with an original sukoon (Madd Lazim) or with a sukoon that appears only during pausing (Madd ‘Arid lil-sukoon).

– The length and type of Madd are determined by the presence and type of sukoon and the presence of shaddah.

This was the Madd Rules Tajweed.

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Conclusion To Madd Rules Tajweed

In this post, we have explored the Madd rules Tajweed, along with their types and examples. The types of Madd discussed include:

– Madd Asli (Natural Madd): This category includes subtypes such as the Lesser Connecting Madd and Substitute Madd.

– Madd Far’ee: This category is divided into two main types:

  – Madd due to Hamza: Includes Madd Muttasil, Madd Monfasil, and Madd Badal (Exchange Madd).

  – Madd due to Sukoon: Includes Madd Arid Lil-Sukoon and Madd Lazim.

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FAQs On Madd Rules Tajweed

How do you recite Madd?

If a Madd letter is followed by a Hamza within the same word, the Madd should be prolonged by four or five beats. 

Similarly, if a word ends with a Madd letter and the next word begins with a Hamza, the Madd should also be extended by four or five beats.

What is Madd Badal?

Madd Al-Badal is one of the Madd Rules Tajweed occurs when two Hamzas appear in succession within the same word, with the second Hamza carrying a Sukoon. 

In this case, the second Hamza is converted into a Madd letter, taking on the vowel sound of the first Hamza.

What is original Madd?

When neither Hamza nor Sukoon follows a Madd letter, the Madd Rules Tajweed is naturally prolonged by just one count, equivalent to the length of an alif.

This is known as Madd al-Asli (المَدُّ الأَصْلِيُّ), or “The Natural” Madd. It is also referred to as Madd al-Tabee’ee.